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Econ 202
202 Syllabus
Supply and Demand Practice Problems
Group Exercise 1
Exam 1 Review Checklist
Exam 1 Review Some Practics Problems
Exam 1 Review Answers to Some Practics Problems
Exam 1 Review Stuff from the Week Prior
Checklist Feb. 28th
Group Assignment 2
Group Assignment 2 Answers
Exam 2 Prep
Exam 2 Prep Answers
Group Assignment #4
Final Anouncements and Clicker Questions (/wo answers)
Final Checklist
A10 - General Economics: General
A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists
A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values
A14 - Sociology of Economics (citation analyses; departmental rankings; etc.)
A19 - General Economics: Other
A20 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics: General
A21 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics: Pre-college
A22 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics: Undergraduate
A23 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics: Graduate
A29 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics: Other
A30 - Multisubject Collective Works: General
A31 - Multisubject Collected Writings of Individuals
A32 - Multisubject Volumes
A39 - Multisubject Collective Works: Other
B00 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology: General
B10 - History of Economic Thought through 1925: General
B11 - History of Economic Thought: Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)
B12 - History of Economic Thought: Classical (includes Adam Smith)
B13 - History of Economic Thought: Neoclassical through 1925 (includes Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian)
B14 - History of Economic Thought through 1925: Socialist; Marxist
B15 - History of Economic Thought through 1925: Historical; Institutional
B16 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical
B19 - History of Economic Thought through 1925: Other
B20 - History of Economic Thought since 1925: General
B21 - History of Economic Thought: Microeconomics
B22 - History of Economic Thought: Macroeconomics
B23 - History of Economic Thought: Econometrics; Quantitative and Mathematical Studies
B24 - History of Economic Thought since 1925: Socialist; Marxist
B25 - History of Economic Thought since 1925: Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian
B29 - History of Economic Thought since 1925: Other
B30 - History of Thought: Individuals: General
B31 - History of Thought: Individuals
B32 - Obituaries
B40 - Economic Methodology: General
B41 - Economic Methodology
B49 - Economic Methodology: Other
B50 - Current Heterodox Approaches: General
B51 - Current Heterodox Approaches: Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian
B52 - Current Heterodox Approaches: Institutional; Evolutionary
B53 - Current Heterodox Approaches: Austrian
B54 - Feminist Economics
B59 - Current Heterodox Approaches: Other
C00 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods: General
C01 - Econometrics
C02 - Mathematical Methods
C10 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General
C11 - Bayesian Analysis
C12 - Hypothesis Testing
C13 - Estimation
C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods
C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods; Monte Carlo Methods; Bootstrap Methods
C19 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Other
C20 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: General
C21 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models
C22 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Time-Series Models
C23 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Models with Panel Data
C24 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Truncated and Censored Models
C25 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models
C29 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Other
C30 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables; Endogenous Regressors: General
C31 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models
C32 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: Time-Series Models
C33 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: Models with Panel Data
C34 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: Truncated and Censored Models
C35 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models
C39 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables; Endogenous Regressors: Other
C40 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics: General
C41 - Duration Analysis
C42 - Survey Methods
C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation; leading indicators
C44 - Statistical Decision Theory; Operations Research
C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics
C46 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Specific Distributions
C49 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics: Other
C50 - Econometric Modeling: General
C51 - Model Construction and Estimation
C52 - Model Evaluation and Selection
C53 - Forecasting and Other Model Applications
C59 - Econometric Modeling: Other
C60 - Mathematical Methods and Programming: General
C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
C63 - Computational Techniques
C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
C67 - Input-Output Models
C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
C69 - Mathematical Methods and Programming: Other
C70 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory: General
C71 - Cooperative Games
C72 - Noncooperative Games
C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games
C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory
C79 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory: Other
C80 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: General
C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data
C82 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data
C87 - Econometric Software
C88 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: Other Computer Software
C89 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: Other
C90 - Design of Experiments: General
C91 - Design of Experiments: Laboratory, Individual
C92 - Design of Experiments: Laboratory, Group Behavior
C93 - Field Experiments
C99 - Design of Experiments: Other
D00 - Microeconomics: General
D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations
D10 - Household Behavior: General
D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory
D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
D14 - Personal Finance
D18 - Consumer Protection
D19 - Household Behavior and Family Economics: Other
D20 - Production and Organizations: General
D21 - Firm Behavior
D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
D24 - Production; Cost; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity
D29 - Production and Organizations: Other
D30 - Distribution: General
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D33 - Factor Income Distribution
D39 - Distribution: Other
D40 - Market Structure and Pricing: General
D41 - Market Structure and Pricing: Perfect Competition
D42 - Market Structure and Pricing: Monopoly
D43 - Market Structure and Pricing: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
D44 - Auctions
D45 - Rationing; Licensing
D46 - Value Theory
D49 - Market Structure and Pricing: Other
D50 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: General
D51 - Exchange and Production Economies
D52 - Incomplete Markets
D53 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Financial Markets
D57 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Input-Output Tables and Analysis
D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
D59 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Other
D60 - Welfare Economics: General
D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis (contingent valuation)
D62 - Externalities
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D64 - Altruism
D69 - Welfare Economics: Other
D70 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making: General
D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
D72 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances
D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation
D79 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making: Other
D80 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty: General
D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information
D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief
D84 - Expectations; Speculations
D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory
D89 - Information and Uncertainty: Other
D90 - Intertemporal Choice and Growth: General
D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving
D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing
D99 - Intertemporal Choice and Growth: Other
E00 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics: General
E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth
E10 - General Aggregative Models: General
E11 - General Aggregative Models: Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary
E12 - General Aggregative Models: Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
E13 - General Aggregative Models: Neoclassical
E17 - General Aggregative Models: Forecasting and Simulation
E19 - General Aggregative Models: Other
E20 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment: General (includes measurement and data)
E21 - Macroeconomics: Consumption; Saving; Aggregate Physical and Financial Consumer Wealth
E22 - Macroeconomics: Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity
E23 - Macroeconomics: Production
E24 - Macroeconomics: Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution (includes wage indexation)
E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy
E27 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment: Forecasting and Simulation
E29 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment and Investment: Other
E30 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes measurement and data)
E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
E37 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: Forecasting and Simulation
E39 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: Other
E40 - Money and Interest Rates: General
E41 - Demand for Money
E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System
E43 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates
E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
E47 - Money and Interest Rates: Forecasting and Simulation
E49 - Money and Interest Rates: Other
E50 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General (flow of funds)
E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
E52 - Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects)
E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies (organization, case studies, lender of last resort issues)
E59 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: Other
E60 - Macroeconomic Policy Formation; Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance; Macroeconomic Policy; General Outlook: General
E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
E62 - Macroeconomic Aspects of Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation
E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization Policy
E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy
E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
E66 - General Outlook and Conditions
E69 - Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and General Outlook: Other
F00 - International Economics: General
F01 - Global Outlook
F02 - International Economic Order
F10 - Trade: General
F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade
F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Trade Organizations
F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade
F15 - Economic Integration
F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
F17 - Trade: Forecasting and Simulation
F18 - Trade and Environment
F19 - Trade: Other
F20 - International Factor Movements and International Business: General
F21 - International Investment; Long-term Capital Movements
F22 - International Migration
F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business (International Competitiveness)
F29 - International Factor Movements: Other
F30 - International Finance: General
F31 - Foreign Exchange (Exchange Rates; Intervention; Foreign Exchange Reserves; Currency Crises)
F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-term Capital Movements (Adjustment Programs)
F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems
F35 - Foreign Aid
F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation
F39 - International Finance: Other
F40 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: General
F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics
F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission
F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies
F47 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: Forecasting and Simulation
F49 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: Other
F50 - International Relations and International Political Economy: General
F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions
F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism
F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations
F54 - Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism
F59 - International Relations and International Political Economy: Other
G00 - Financial Economics: General
G10 - General Financial Markets: General (includes measurement and data)
G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates
G13 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing; option pricing
G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies
G15 - International Financial Markets
G18 - General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation
G19 - General Financial Markets: Other
G20 - Financial Institutions and Services: General
G21 - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies
G23 - Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions; Institutional Investors
G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Rating Agencies
G28 - Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation
G29 - Financial Institutions and Services: Other
G30 - Corporate Finance and Governance: General
G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure
G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation
G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Voting; Proxy Contests; Corporate Governance
G35 - Payout Policy
G38 - Corporate Finance and Governance: Government Policy and Regulation
G39 - Corporate Finance and Governance: Other
H00 - Public Economics: General
H10 - Structure and Scope of Government: General
H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
H19 - Structure and Scope of Government: Other
H20 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General
H21 - Taxation and Subsidies: Efficiency; Optimal Taxation
H22 - Taxation and Subsidies: Incidence
H23 - Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; includes inheritance and gift taxes
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies including sales and value-added (VAT)
H26 - Tax Evasion (Compliance, Collection)
H27 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenues: Other Sources of Revenue (Lottery)
H29 - Taxation and Subsidies: Other
H30 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: General
H31 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Household (effects on labor supply)
H32 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Firm
H39 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Other
H40 - Publicly Provided Goods: General
H41 - Public Goods
H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods
H43 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate
H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
H49 - Publicly Provided Goods: Other
H50 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General
H51 - National Government Expenditures and Health
H52 - National Government Expenditures and Education
H53 - National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H54 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
H56 - National Security and War
H57 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Procurement
H59 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Other
H60 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt: General
H61 - National Budget; Budget Systems
H62 - National Deficit; Surplus
H63 - National Debt; Debt Management
H69 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt: Other
H70 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations: General
H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures
H73 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations: Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
H74 - State and Local Borrowing
H75 - State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare
H76 - State and Local Government: Infrastructures; Procurement; Public Safety; Penal Systems; Other Expenditure Categories
H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession
H79 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations: Other
H80 - Public Economics: Miscellaneous Issues: General
H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits
H82 - Governmental Property
H83 - Public Administration
H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods
H89 - Public Economics: Miscellaneous Issues: Other
I00 - Health, Education, and Welfare: General
I10 - Health: General
I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets
I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Suicide, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior
I18 - Health: Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
I19 - Health: Other
I20 - Education: General
I21 - Analysis of Education
I22 - Educational Finance
I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions
I28 - Education: Government Policy
I29 - Education: Other
I30 - Welfare and Poverty: General
I31 - General Welfare; Basic Needs; Living Standards; Quality of Life; Happiness
I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
I38 - Welfare and Poverty: Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
I39 - Welfare and Poverty: Other
J00 - Labor and Demographic Economics: General
J01 - Labor Economics: General
J08 - Labor Economics Policies
J10 - Demographic Economics: General
J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts; General Migration
J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure
J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped
J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination
J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
J17 - Value of Life; Forgone Income
J18 - Demographic Economics: Public Policy
J19 - Demographic Economics: Other
J20 - Time Allocation; Work Behavior; Employment Determination and Creation; Human Capital; Retirement: General
J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure (by industry, occupation, demographic characteristics, etc.)
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply (hours of work, part-time employment, temporary workers, work sharing, absenteeism, quits, work-life balance)
J23 - Employment Determination; Job Creation; Demand for Labor; Self-Employment
J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity (Formal Training Programs; On-the-Job Training)
J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies
J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy; Public Policy
J29 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination: Other
J30 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General
J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc.
J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions
J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
J38 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy
J39 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Other
J40 - Particular Labor Markets: General
J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching Models, Efficiency Wage Models, and Internal Labor Markets
J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets
J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations
J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets
J48 - Particular Labor Markets: Public Policy
J49 - Particular Labor Markets: Other
J50 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: General
J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining
J53 - Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence
J54 - Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms
J58 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: Public Policy
J59 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: Other
J60 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: General
J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility; Promotion
J63 - Labor Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs
J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
J68 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Public Policy (Employment Services)
J69 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Other
J70 - Labor Discrimination: General
J71 - Labor Discrimination
J78 - Labor Discrimination: Public Policy
J79 - Labor Discrimination: Other
J80 - Labor Standards: National and International: General
J81 - Labor Standards: National and International: Working Conditions
J82 - Labor Standards: National and International: Labor Force Composition
J83 - Labor Standards: National and International: Workers' Rights
J88 - Labor Standards: National and International: Public Policy
J89 - Labor Standards: National and International: Other
K00 - Law and Economics: General
K10 - Basic Areas of Law: General (constitutional law)
K11 - Property Law
K12 - Contract Law
K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability
K14 - Criminal Law
K19 - Basic Areas of Law: Other
K20 - Regulation and Business Law: General
K21 - Antitrust Law
K22 - Corporation and Securities Law
K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
K29 - Regulation and Business Law: Other
K30 - Other Substantive Areas of Law: General
K31 - Labor Law
K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
K33 - International Law
K34 - Tax Law
K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law
K39 - Other Substantive Areas of Law: Other
K40 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior: General
K41 - Litigation Process
K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
K49 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior: Other
L00 - Industrial Organization: General
L10 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance: General
L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms (Concentration, Product Differentiation, Entry and Exit)
L12 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance: Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies (cartels; collusion)
L13 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance: Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets; monopolistic competition; contestable markets
L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices
L17 - Open Source Products and Markets
L19 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance: Other
L20 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior: General
L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm
L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical Integration; Conglomerates; Subsidiaries
L23 - Organization of Production
L24 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing
L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification and Scope, Age, Profit, and Sales
L29 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior: Other
L30 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General
L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs (foundations, etc.)
L32 - Public Enterprises
L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting Out
L39 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: Other
L40 - Antitrust Issues and Policies: General
L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
L49 - Antitrust Policy: Other
L50 - Regulation and Industrial Policy: General
L51 - Economics of Regulation
L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
L53 - Government Promotion of Firms
L59 - Regulation and Industrial Policy: Other
L60 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General
L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment
L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments
L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology
L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco
L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
L68 - Appliances; Other Consumer Durables
L69 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing: Other
L70 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: General
L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
L73 - Forest Products: Lumber and Paper
L74 - Construction
L78 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: Government Policy
L79 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: Other
L80 - Industry Studies: Services: General
L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e-Commerce
L82 - Entertainment; Media (performing arts, visual arts broadcasting, publishing, etc.)
L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services (Lawyers, Accountants, Barbers, Beauticians, Consultants, Opticians, etc.)
L85 - Real Estate Services
L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
L87 - Postal and Delivery Services
L88 - Industry Studies: Services: Government Policy
L89 - Industry Studies: Services: Other
L90 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General
L91 - Transportation: General
L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports (trains, boats, ships, ocean liners, etc.)
L93 - Air Transportation (airlines)
L94 - Electric Utilities (power plants)
L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
L96 - Telecommunications
L97 - Utilities: General
L98 - Industry Studies: Utilities and Transportation: Government Policy
L99 - Industry Studies: Utilities and Transportation: Other
M00 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting: General
M10 - Business Administration: General
M11 - Production Management
M12 - Personnel Management; executive compensation
M13 - Entrepreneurship (New Firms; Startups)
M14 - Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility
M19 - Business Administration: Other
M20 - Business Economics: General
M21 - Business Economics
M29 - Business Economics: Other
M30 - Marketing and Advertising: General
M31 - Marketing
M37 - Advertising
M39 - Marketing and Advertising: Other
M40 - Accounting and Auditing: General
M41 - Accounting
M42 - Auditing
M49 - Accounting: Other
M50 - Personnel Economics: General
M51 - Personnel Economics: Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part-time, temporary workers, seniority issues)
M52 - Personnel Economics: Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (stock options, fringe benefits, incentives, family support programs, seniority issues)
M53 - Personnel Economics: Training
M54 - Personnel Economics: Labor Management (team formation, worker empowerment, job design, tasks and authority, work arrangements, job satisfaction)
M55 - Personnel Economics: Labor Contracting: Outsourcing; Franchising: Other
M59 - Personnel Economics: Other
N00 - Economic History: General
N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
N10 - Economic History: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations: General, International, or Comparative
N11 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N12 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N13 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Europe: Pre-1913
N14 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Europe: 1913-
N15 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Asia including Middle East
N16 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Latin America; Caribbean
N17 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Africa; Oceania
N20 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: General, International, or Comparative (exchange rates; debt)
N21 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N22 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N23 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Europe: Pre-1913
N24 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Europe: 1913-
N25 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Asia including Middle East
N26 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Latin America; Caribbean
N27 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Africa; Oceania
N30 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: General, International, or Comparative (Migration)
N31 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N32 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N33 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: Europe: Pre-1913
N34 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: Europe: 1913-
N35 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: Asia including Middle East
N36 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: Latin America; Caribbean
N37 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: Africa; Oceania
N40 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: General, International, or Comparative
N41 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N42 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N43 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Europe: Pre-1913
N44 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Europe: 1913-
N45 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Asia including Middle East
N46 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Latin America; Caribbean
N47 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Africa; Oceania
N50 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: General, International, or Comparative
N51 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N52 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N53 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Europe: Pre-1913
N54 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Europe: 1913-
N55 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Asia including Middle East
N56 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Latin America; Caribbean
N57 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Africa; Oceania
N60 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): General, International, or Comparative (multinational firms)
N61 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N62 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N63 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): Europe: Pre-1913
N64 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): Europe: 1913-
N65 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): Asia including Middle East
N66 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): Latin America; Caribbean
N67 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): Africa; Oceania
N70 - Economic History: Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): General, International, or Comparative
N71 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N72 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N73 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): Europe: Pre-1913
N74 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): Europe: 1913-
N75 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): Asia including Middle East
N76 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (include Health Services): Latin America; Caribbean
N77 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): Africa; Oceania
N80 - Micro-Business History: General, International, or Comparative
N81 - Micro-Business History: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N82 - Micro-Business History: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N83 - Micro-Business History: Europe: Pre-1913
N84 - Micro-Business History: Europe: 1913-
N85 - Micro-Business History: Asia including Middle East
N86 - Micro-Business History: Latin America; Caribbean
N87 - Micro-Business History: Africa; Oceania
N90 - Regional and Urban History: General
N91 - Regional and Urban History: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N92 - Regional and Urban History: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N93 - Regional and Urban History: Europe: Pre-1913
N94 - Regional and Urban History: Europe: 1913-
N95 - Regional and Urban History: Asia including Middle East
N96 - Regional and Urban History: Latin America; Caribbean
N97 - Regional and Urban History: Africa; Oceania
O10 - Economic Development: General
O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development (includes macro models and analyses of patterns and determinants of development)
O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development (includes macro models)
O13 - Economic Development: Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products
O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
O15 - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration (nutrition, health, education, fertility, household structure and formation, labor markets)
O16 - Economic Development: Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance
O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements: Legal, Social, Economic, and Political
O18 - Economic Development: Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses
O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations (includes international assistance programs, trade and financial flows; IMF conditionality)
O20 - Development Planning and Policy: General
O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy (includes input-output models and computable general equilibrium models)
O22 - Project Analysis
O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
O24 - Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy; Factor Movement; Foreign Exchange Policy
O29 - Development Planning and Policy: Other
O30 - Technological Change; Research and Development: General
O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes (includes impact on production, welfare, income distribution, international competitiveness, military power, measurement, and case studies; international transfer of technology)
O34 - Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues (patents, copyrights)
O38 - Technological Change: Government Policy
O39 - Technological Change: Other
O40 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General (includes data sources)
O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
O42 - Monetary Growth Models
O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output (Income) Convergence
O49 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: Other
O50 - Economywide Country Studies: General
O51 - Economywide Country Studies: U.S.; Canada
O52 - Economywide Country Studies: Europe
O53 - Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East
O54 - Economywide Country Studies: Latin America; Caribbean
O55 - Economywide Country Studies: Africa
O56 - Economywide Country Studies: Oceania
O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries
P00 - Economic Systems: General
P10 - Capitalist Systems: General
P11 - Capitalist Systems: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P12 - Capitalist Enterprises
P13 - Cooperative Enterprises
P14 - Capitalist Systems: Property Rights
P16 - Capitalist Systems: Political Economy
P17 - Capitalist Systems: Performance and Prospects
P19 - Capitalist Systems: Other
P20 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: General
P21 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P22 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Prices
P23 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population (Labor; Capital)
P24 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
P25 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics; Housing; Transportation
P26 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Political Economy; Property Rights
P27 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Performance and Prospects (includes Spatial)
P28 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Natural Resources; Energy; Environment
P29 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Other
P30 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: General
P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture
P33 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
P34 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Financial Economics
P35 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Public Economics
P36 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Consumer Economics; Health, Education and Training, Welfare, and Poverty
P37 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior
P39 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Other
P40 - Other Economic Systems: General
P41 - Other Economic Systems: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P42 - Other Economic Systems: Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population
P43 - Other Economic Systems: Public Economics; Financial Economics
P44 - Other Economic Systems: National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
P45 - Other Economic Systems: International Trade, Finance, Investment and Aid
P46 - Other Economic Systems: Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty
P47 - Other Economic Systems: Performance and Prospects (includes Spatial)
P48 - Other Economic Systems: Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights
P49 - Other Economic Systems: Other
P50 - Comparative Economic Systems: General
P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
P59 - Comparative Economic Systems: Other
Q00 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics: General
Q01 - Sustainable Development
Q10 - Agriculture: General
Q11 - Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness
Q14 - Agricultural Finance
Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation
Q16 - Agricultural R&D; Agricultural Technology; Agricultural Extension Services
Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade
Q18 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy
Q19 - Agriculture: Other
Q20 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: General
Q21 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Demand and Supply (the Commons)
Q22 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Fishery; Aquaculture
Q23 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Forestry
Q24 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Land
Q25 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Water
Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
Q27 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Issues in International Trade
Q28 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Government Policy
Q29 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Other
Q30 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General
Q31 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Demand and Supply
Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
Q33 - Resource Booms (Dutch disease)
Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
Q38 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Government Policy (includes OPEC policy)
Q39 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Other
Q40 - Energy: General
Q41 - Energy: Demand and Supply
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q48 - Energy: Government Policy
Q49 - Energy: Other
Q50 - Environmental Economics: General
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects (Recreational Effects; Health Effects; Contingent Valuation)
Q52 - Pollution Control Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects (Firm Behavior)
Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters
Q55 - Environmental Economics: Technological Innovation
Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Equity
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics
Q58 - Environmental Economics: Government Policy (Environmental Taxes; Tradable Permits; Command and Control; Regulation)
Q59 - Environmental Economics: Other
R00 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: General
R10 - General Regional Economics (includes Regional Data)
R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade (economic geography)
R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
R14 - Land Use Patterns
R15 - General Regional Economics: Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models
R19 - General Regional Economics: Other
R20 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Household Analysis: General
R21 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Housing Demand
R22 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Other Demand (spatial analysis)
R23 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population
R29 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Household Analysis: Other
R30 - Production Analysis and Firm Location: General
R31 - Housing Supply and Markets
R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis (spatial analysis firm location decision; industrial districts)
R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
R34 - Production Analysis and Firm Location: Input Demand Analysis (spatial)
R38 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Production Analysis and Firm Location: Government Policies; Regulatory Policies (Rent Control)
R39 - Production Analysis and Firm Location: Other
R40 - Transportation Systems: General
R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise
R42 - Transportation Systems: Government and Private Investment Analysis
R48 - Transportation Systems: Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies
R49 - Transportation Systems: Other
R50 - Regional Government Analysis: General
R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations
R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock
R58 - Regional Development Policy
R59 - Regional Government Analysis: Other
Y10 - Data: Tables and Charts
Y20 - Introductions and Prefaces
Y30 - Book Reviews
Y40 - Dissertations
Y80 - Related Disciplines
Y90 - Miscellaneous Categories: Other
Z00 - Other Special Topics: General
Z10 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology: General
Z11 - Cultural Economics: Economics of the Arts and Literature
Z12 - Cultural Economics: Religion
Z13 - Cultural Economics: Social Norms and Social Capital; Social Networks Economic Anthropology
Z19 - Cultural Economics: Other
Year
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